We read with great interest the study by Horn et al1 on circulating effector CD4+ T cells as predictors of response to integrin α4β7–blocking therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Their integration of mass cytometry, single-cell sequencing, and machine learning provides a comprehensive approach to identifying immune signatures associated with vedolizumab response. However, several aspects warrant further discussion regarding biomarker validation, multi-omics integration, and therapeutic implications.
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