Psychedelics, Neuromodulation and Precision Psychiatry


6. Conclusion

The landscape of psychiatric treatment is undergoing a profound transformation. Psychedelics, neuromodulation, and precision psychiatry represent powerful tools that challenge traditional models and open new possibilities for healing. While each comes with its own set of challenges and limitations, their combined potential to offer more effective, individualized, and humane care is undeniable. Continued research, ethical vigilance, and a commitment to accessibility will be crucial in ensuring these advances fulfill their promise for all patients.” (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

7. References

Berlim, M. T., Van den Eynde, F., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and acceptability of accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.015

Bousman, C. A., & Hopwood, M. (2016). Commercial pharmacogenetic-based decision-support tools in psychiatry. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(6), 585–590.

Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019). REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 71(3), 316–344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160

Carhart-Harris, R. L., et al. (2014). The entropic brain: A theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020

Carhart-Harris, R. L., et al. (2021). Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(15), 1402–1411. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032994

Choudhury, S., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Cultural neuroscience and global mental health: Surveying the intersection of culture, brain, and psychological illness. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 40(4), 647–663.

Cole, E. J., et al. (2020). Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(8), 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19070720

Drysdale, A. T., et al. (2017). Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression. Nature Medicine, 23, 28–38.

Fernandes, B. S., et al. (2017). The new field of ‘precision psychiatry’. BMC Medicine, 15(1), 80. 

Johnson, M., Richards, W., & Griffiths, R. (2008). Human hallucinogen research: Guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108093587

Lozano, A. M., et al. (2008). Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 64(6), 461–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.034

Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016). The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.5

Mitchell, J. M., et al. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature Medicine, 27, 1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3

Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2021). The current status of psychedelics in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(2), 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2171

O’Reardon, J. P., et al. (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: A multisite randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 62(11), 1208–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.018

Torous, J., et al. (2018). Digital psychiatry and the therapeutic alliance: Perceived impact of mobile apps for mental health. JMIR Mental Health, 5(2), e48.

UK ECT Review Group. (2003). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 361(9360), 799–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12705-5

8. Report Compiler: ChatGPT 2025

9. Disclaimer
This ‘Psychedelics, Neuromodulation and Precision Psychiatry’ report is based on information available at the time of its preparation and is provided for informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and completeness, errors and omissions may occur. The compiler of the Psychedelics, Neuromodulation and Precision Psychiatry report (ChatGPT) and / or Vernon Chalmers for the Mental Health and Motivation website (in the capacity as report requester) disclaim any liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or omissions and will not be held responsible for any decisions or conclusions made based on this information.”

Image: Microsoft Copilot

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